In both captive bolt and electrically stunned animals kicking will occur. Ignore the kicking and look at the head. To put it simply, THE HEAD MUST BE DEAD. When cattle are shot with a captive bolt, it is normal to have a spasm for 5 to 15 seconds. After the animal is rolled out of the box or hung up its eyes should relax and be wide open. After electrical stunning, a properly stunned animal should have a rigid (tonic) phase followed by a clonic (paddling of the legs) phase. This is an indication of a grand mal epileptic seizure. The seizure induces insensibility. Very long application of the current may weaken or eliminate these reactions in a properly stunned animal.

Below are the signs of a properly stunned animal:

1. The legs may kick, but the head and neck must be loose and floppy like a rag. Kicking occurs in properly stunned unconscious animals (Terlouw et al, 2015). After captive bolt or electrical stunning, a normal spasm may cause some neck flexing, but the neck should relax and the head should flop within about 20 seconds. Check for natural blinking that looks like a live animal in the yards if flexing continues. Animals stunned with gas stunning equipment should be limp and floppy though they may exhibit slow limb movement.

2. The tongue should hang out and be straight and limp. A stiff curled tongue is a sign of possible return to sensibility. If the tongue goes in and out, this may be a sign of partial sensibility.

3. When cattle and pigs are hung on the rail, its head should hang straight down and the back must be straight. In sheep, the head should be limp and floppy but due to anatomical differences, the neck may be on an angle. It must NOT have an arched back righting reflex. When a partially sensible animal is hung on the rail it will attempt to lift up its head. It will be stiff. Momentary flopping of the head is not a righting reflex. Compared to cattle and pigs, sheep necks may not hang completely straight due to differences in anatomy.

4. When captive bolt is used the eyes should be wide open with a blank stare. There must be no eye movements. Immediately after electrical stunning the animal will clamp its eyes shut, but they should relax into a blank stare. It is normal for animals stunned properly with electricity to have nystagmus (vibrating eye).

5. When captive bolt is used the animal must NEVER blink or have corneal reflex in response to touch. In electrically stunned pigs eye movements can be misinterpreted when untrained people indiscriminantly poke at the eyes. It is often best to observe without touching the eye. If a pig blinks with a natural blink where the eye closes and then re-opens it is not properly stunned. If you are not sure what a natural blink looks like, go and look at live pigs in the yards (lairage) before assessing insensibility. Natural blinking must be absent after all stunning methods.

6. Rhythmic breathing must be absent after ALL stunning methods. Count as rhythmic breathing if the animal's ribcage moves two or more times. Gasping is a sign of a dying brain and is acceptable after gas or electric stunning. It will look like a fish out of water. A twitching nose (like a rabbit) may be a sign of partial sensibility. Gasping must be absent after captive bolt.

7. In captive bolt stunned animals, insensibility may be questionable if the eyes are rolled back or they are vibrating (nystagmus). Nystagmus is permissible in electrically stunned animals, especially those stunned with frequencies higher than 50 or 60 cycles. Nystagmus must not be confused with natural blinking.

8. Shortly after being hung on the rail, the tail should relax and hang down.

9. No response to a nose pinch or pinprick on the nose. The painful stimulus should be applied only to the nose. Animals entering a scauld tub must not make a movement that is in direct response to contact with the hot water. For all types of stunning this is an indicator of possible return to sensibility.

10. No vocalization (moo, bellow or squeal) after all methods of stunning.

The above methods can be used for determining insensibility for all types of stunning and for ritual slaughter which is done without stunning. Just remember, kicking reflexes are normal in captive bolt stunned animals, electrically stunned animals and after ritual slaughter. They should be absent or very feeble for C0₂. Captive bolt stunning induces instant insensibility by both concussion and physical destruction of the brain. Stunner maintenance is essential to maintain maximum hitting power.

Electrical stunning, renders an animal instantly insensible by inducing a grand mal epileptic seizure. Scientific research has shown, that in order to induce the seizure the electric stunner must be set at a minimum of 1.25 amps for market weight pigs and l amp for sheep. Large sows will require 2 or more amps. If' lower amperages are used the stunner may induce cardiac arrest but the animal will feel the shock because the seizure was not induced. Electrical frequencies up to 800 hz (cycles) can be used. Frequencies over 800 hz should not be used. Research has shown that 1500 cycles failed to induce instant insensibility. Animals that are dehydrated may have high electrical resistance and be difficult to stun.

In some plants, cattle or sheep are immobilized after electric stunning with a small electric current to stop kicking. This immobilizer current completely masks signs of return to sensibility. To assess return to sensibility the immobilizer current MUST be turned off. Electric immobilization is highly distressful to animals and it must never be confused with electric stunning, which induces instantaneous insensibility by passing a high amperage current through the brain.

If an electrically stunned animal blinks within 5 seconds after stunning this is a sign that the amperage is too low. In electrically stunned animals, blinking should be checked within 5 seconds and after 60 seconds. In most plants blinking will not be found immediately after stunning, because the plant is using the correct amperage. After it has been verified that the amperage is set correctly, the most important point to observe for signs of return to sensibility is 60 seconds after electrical stunning. This provides time for the eyes to relax after the epileptic seizure. Checking for signs of return to sensibility after bleeding insures that the animal will not recover.

When stunned animals of all species are viewed from a distance, the most important signs to look for in a properly stunned animal are:

1. A floppy head. The head should flop like a wet rag when a hind leg kicks due to reflexes.

2. Tongue hangs straight out and is limp. There are some animals that are stunned properly and the tongue may be trapped in the mouth.

3. In cattle and pigs, the back and head hang straight down. There is no arched back righting reflex.

4. Ignore limb movement for all methods of stunning. Look at the head.

Animals that show all three of the above signs will be insensible and blinking and other eye reflexes will be absent.

Order of the events which indicate Return to Sensibility:

1. Single feeble eye (corneal) reflex in response to touch (probably still insensible and not conscious).

2. Return of rhythmic breathing, where the ribcage moves in and out two or more times. This is a primary indicator of poor stunning and it may occur before the corneal reflexes.

3. Spontaneous natural blinking without touching (recommended sign for determining return to sensibility for regulatory purposes). In large plants this is easier to assess than rhythmic breathing.

4. Response to a painful stimulus such as pricking the nose with a pin. The stimulus must be applied to the head to avoid confusion with spinal reflexes.

5. Righting reflex and raises it's head.

6. Fully conscious and sensible. Complete return to sensibility can occur within 15 to 20 seconds after eye blinks appear if an electrically stunned animal is not bled.

The North American Meat Institute guidelines require that ALL of the signs of return to sensibility MUST be absent to pass an audit. Even thought an animal is probably insensible if it shows a weak corneal reflex or tongue movement, it is starting the process of return to sensibility. Weak indicators of return to sensibility can be abolished by improved stunning practices. Slaughter plants are not research laboratories where conditions are carefully controlled. Therefore a much greater margin of safety is required to ensure that the animal remains insensible.

An animal showing any of the above signs must be immediately re-stunned before any slaughter procedures are started.

Research findings on Insensibility (Updated November 2011)

There is also a possibility that some stunning failures in one of several thousand animals may be due to biological variability or abnormal nervous system development. In one strange case, 1 of 8000 electrically stunned pigs had a stiff arched back righting reflex 45 to 60 seconds after bleeding and there was no corneal reflex, no blinking in response to light, and no response to a nose prick. Most of these pigs were large, 275 lb (124 kg), and extremely heavy muscled. Another possibility is that their physiology was so overloaded by genetic selection or ractopamine (Paylean) that they went into rigor. The plant employees immediately re-stunned the pigs. The righting reflex was not due to poor bleeding because the effectiveness of bleeding was verified with dissection of the throat area. To insure that animals do not return to sensibility while hanging on the line, a plant employee MUST re-stun all animals that have a corneal reflex or any of the signs of return to sensibility listed in this paper. On a 100 animal audit, ALL animals must have no signs of return to sensibility.

Common mistakes and how to avoid them

1. Mixing up gasping like a fish out of water with rythmic breathing. Gasping may be present after proper electrical or CO₂ stunning. Gasping must be absent after captive bolt. Rythmic breathing is a sign of return to sensibility after ALL methods of stunning.

2. Mixing up nystagmus (vibrating eye) with natural blinking. Natural blinking is a sign of return to sensibility after ALL methods of stunning. Look at live animals in the yards to help you differentiate between nystagmus and natural blinking.

3. Mixing up a momentary flop of the head of a properly stunned animal with a true righting reflex. A true righting reflex is a sign of return to sensibility after ALL methods of stunning. When a righting reflex occurs, the neck will be stiff. During a momentary flop, the head will be floppy like a wet rag.

4. When the tongue is extended, soft, and flacid, the animal will be properly stunned and insensible after all methods of stunning. However some properly stunned animals may have the tongue stuck inside the mouth.

November 2015 Update

List 1: Captive Bolt or Gunshot - Methods that physically damage the brain. Signs of properly stunned insensible (unconscious) animals - primary indicators.

• No eye movements and eyes open to a wide blank stare. The corneal reflex (touch the eye) natural spontaineous blinking and nystagmus (vibrating eyelid) must all be ABSENT. Verify unconsciousness by touching the eye.

• No rhythmic breathing (ribcage moves in and out)

• No righting reflex; no attempt to lift head or stand up

• No vocalization - squeal, bellow, moo.

All four primary indicators MUST BE ABSENT in a properly stunned animal.

List 2: Electrical or CO2 stunning methods that leave the brain intact and do not caue physcial damage. Singed of properly stunned insensible (unconscious) animals - Primary Indicators

• No rhythmic breating (ribcage moves in and out). Do not confuse with gasping which is permissible.

• No natural spontaineous blinking like a live animal in the yards. Wave hand in front of the eyes and do NOT touch the eye. In electrically stunned animals, check blink response after 20 to 30 seconds because the seizure masks the reflexes. A few properly stunned animals may have a weak corneal reflex because the brain stem is intact.

• No vocalization (squeal, bellow, moo).

• No righting reflex or attempt to stand when an animal loses the ability to stand (loss of posture, LOP).

All four of these primary indicators MUST BE ABSENT in a properly stunned animal.

June 2017 Update on Zone of Transition between fully conscious and unconscious

• Standing posture
• Head or body righting reflex
• Voluntary vocalization
• Spontaneous blinking (no touching); do not confuse with nystagmus (vibrating eye)
• Eye pursuit
• Response to threat or menace test (no touching); hand waved in front of the eye; do not confuse with nystagmus

To insure that an animal is unconscious and brain dead before carcass disposal or invasive dressing procedures at a slaughter plant, all three of the indicators listed below must be absent. When all three of the indicators are absent, the animal is definitely unconscious:

• Absence of corneal reflex (touch the eyball surface)
• Absence of eyelash reflex (response to touch)
• Absence of rhythmic breathing (Terlouw et al, 2016b)

Transition Zone between consciousness and unconscious - One ore more of the following signs are present:

• Eye lash refelex (response of eye lash to touch)
• Rhythmic breathing (Terlouw et al, 2016ab)
• Corneal reflex

Re-stun Immediately - Rapid re-stunning will prevent return to consciousness and prevent a violation of the Humane Slaughter Act.

On large animals such as cattle, the corneal reflex can be assessed by using a finger to touch the eyeball. On small animals such as pigs or sheep, do NOT use a finger to assess the corneal reflex. Poking with a finger may push the eyelid shut and cause it to get glued shut with mucous. When the musous loosens, the eye may suddenly pop open and be misinterpreted as a blink. Use the tip of a pen or other small blunt object to touch the surface of the eye of pigs, sheep, and other small animals. Spontaneous blinking or response to the menace reflex must have the full cycle of opening and closing of the eye. It should look like natural blinking of a live animal in the lairage.

References

Anil, M.H., 1991. Studies on the return of physical reflexes in pigs following electrical stunning. Meat Science. 40:13-21.

AVMA - American Veterinary Medical Association. 2013. Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals.

Grandin, T., 2001. Solving return to sensibility problems after electric stunning in commercial pork slaughter plants. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 221:1258-1261.

Grandin, T., 2015. Improving livestock, poultry, and fish welfare in slaughter plants. In T. Grandin (Editor), Improving Animal Welfare: A Practical Approach. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK. pp 164-193.

Humane Slaughter Association (HSA), 2014. Captive bolt stunning of livestock (www.hsa.org).

Knudsen, S.K., 2005. A review of the criteria used to assess insensibility and death in hunted whales compared to other species. Veterinary Journal. 169:42-59.

O'Conner, A., et al, 2015. External Scientific Report - Review of Main Welfare Risks related to electrical stunning of small ruminants (ovine and caprine species).

Rumpl, E., Gerstenbrand, F., Hackl, J.M., and Prugger, M., 1982. Some obervations on the blink reflex in post traumatic coma. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 54:406-417.

Terlouw, E.M.C., Bourquet, C., and Deiss, V. 2016a. Conscious, unconsciousness and death in the context of slaughter, Part 1: Neurological mechanisms underlying stunning and killing. Meat Science, 118:133-146.

Terlouw, E.M.C., Bourquet, C., and Deiss, V. 2016b. Conscious, unconsciousness and death in the context of slaughter, Part 2: Evaluation of Methods. Meat Science, 118:147-156.

Terlouw, E.M.C. et al, 2015. Origin of movements following stunning and bleeding of cattle. Meat Science. 110:135-144.

Verhoeven, M.T.W., Gerritzen, M.A., Hellebrekers, L.J., and Kemp, B. (2016a). Validation of indicators to assess unconsciousness in veal calves at slaughter. Animal. doi:10.1017/5173/16000422.

Verhoeven, M.T.W., Gerritzen, M.A., Velarde, A., Hellebrekers, L.J., and Kemp, B. (2016c). Time of losss of consciousness and its relation to behavior in slaughter pigs during stunnning with 80 to 95 carbon dioxide. Frontiers Vet. Sci. 3:38.)

Verhoeven, M.T.W. et al, 2015. Indicators used in livestock for assessing unconsciousness after stunning. A. Review Animal. Vol 9, February.

Verhoeven, M.T.W., Gerritzen, M.A., Kivivers-Poodt, M., Hellebrekers, L.J., and Kemp, B. (2015b). Validation of behavioral indicators used to assess unconsciousness. Res. Vet. Sci. 101:144-153.

Vogel, K.C., Badtram, G., Claus, J.R., Grandin, T., Turpin, S., Wegker, R.E., and Voogel, E. 2010. Head only followed by cardiac arrest electrical stunning is an effective alternative to head only electrical stunning in pigs. Meat Science. 89:1412-1418.

Woods, J. and Shearer, J.K. 2015. Recommended in farm euthanasia practices, in T. Grandin (Editor), Improving animal welfare: A practical approach, CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK, pp 194-221.

Preventing return to sensibility.

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